V̉NG LUÂN HỒI
"THE WHEEL OF BIRTH AND DEATH"Nguyên tác Bhikkh Khantipalo (1970)
Việt dịch Phạm Kim Khánh dịch (1994)
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THE HISTORY OF THE WHEEL Dependent Arising is explained many times and in many different connections in the Discourses of Lord Buddha, but He has not compared it to a wheel. This simile is found in the Visuddhimagga ("The Path of Purification") and in the other commentarial literature. Although Theravada tradition has many references to this simile, it does not seem to have been depicted at all. But in Northern India and especially in Kashmir, the Sarvastivada school2 was strongly established and besides producing a vast literature upon Discipline and the Further Dhamma (Vinaya and Abhidhamma), they produced also a way of depicting a great many important Buddhist teachings by this picture of the Wheel which is the subject of the present essay. In Pali it is the bhava-cakka or Samsara-cakka, which is variously rendered in English as the Wheel of Life, the Wheel of Becoming or the Wheel of Rebirth. In their collections of stories about Lord Buddha and his disciples (known as Avadana), there is one which opens with the story of this wheel. Readers will observe that the story refers to Lord Buddha's lifetime and says that He has authorized the painting of this picture, as well as laying down its contents. It is certain that in the Buddha-time painting was well known (it is mentioned several times in the Discourses and the Discipline) while the other facts given in this short introductory story are quite in accord with the spirit of the Pali Discourses. Even the collection of stories in which this account is contained was compiled, according to some scholars, before the Christian era. So if one does not believe that this painting was ordained by Lord Buddha, still it has an age of two thousand years, a venerable tradition indeed. Of all "teaching-aids" this expression of Buddhist skillful-means (upaya-kosalla), must surely be the oldest. Now let us turn to the story. |
LỊCH SỬ CỦA BÁNH XE LUÂN HỒI |
THE TRANSLATION "Lord Buddha was staying at Rajagaha,3 in the Bamboo Grove, at the Squirrels' Feeding-place. Now, it was the practice of Venerable Mahamoggallana to frequent the hells for a certain time, then the animal-kingdom, also to visit the ghosts, the gods and men. Having seen all the sufferings to be found in the hells which beings there experience as they arise and pass away, such as maiming, dismembering and so forth; having witnessed how animals kill and devour others, how ghosts are tormented by hunger and thirst, how the gods lose (their heavenly state), fall (from it), are spoiled and come to their ruin, and how men crave and come to naught but thwarted desires, — having seen all this he returned to Jambudipa (India) and reported this to the four assemblies. Whatever (venerable one) had a fellow-bhikkhu or a bhikkhu-pupil leading the holy life with dissatisfaction, he would take him to Venerable Mahamoggallana (thinking): 'The Venerable Mahamoggallana will exhort and teach him well'. And (truly) the Venerable Mahamoggallana would exhort and teach him well. Such (dissatisfied bhikkhus) would again lead the holy life with keen interest, even distinguishing themselves with the higher attainments since they had been taught and exhorted so well by the Venerable Mahamoggallana. "At that time (when the Lord stayed at Rajagaha), the Venerable Mahamoggallana was surrounded by the four assemblies consisting of bhikkhus, bhikkhunis, pious laymen and women. "Now the illustrious Enlightened Ones who Know, (also) ask questions. Thus Lord Buddha asked the Venerable Ananda (why the second of his foremost disciples was surrounded by the four assemblies). Venerable Ananda then related Venerable Mahamoggallana's experiences and said that he instructed discontented bhikkhus with success. "(The Lord replied:) 'The Elder Moggallana or a bhikkhu like him cannot be at many places (at the same time for teaching people). Therefore, in the (monastery) gateways a wheel having five sections should be made.' "Thus the Lord laid down that a wheel with five sections should be made (whereupon it was remarked:) 'But the bhikkhus do not know what sort of wheel should be made'. "The Lord explained: 'The five bourns should be represented — the hellish bourn, that of the animal kingdom, of ghosts, of men, and the bourn of the gods. In the lower portion (of the wheel), the hells are to be shown, together, with the animal-kingdom and the realm of the ghosts, while in the upper portion gods and men should be represented. The four continents should also be depicted, namely, Pubbavideha, Aparagoyana, Uttarakuru and Jambudipa.4 In the middle, greed, aversion and delusion must be shown, a dove symbolizing greed,5 a snake symbolizing aversion, and a hog, delusion. Furthermore, the Buddhas are to be painted (surrounded by their) halos pointing out (the way to) Nibbana. Ordinary beings should be shown as by the contrivance of a water-wheel they sink (to lower states) and rise up again. The space around the rim should be filled with (scenes teaching) the twelve links of Dependent Arising in the forward and reversed order. (The picture of the Wheel) must show clearly that everything, all the time, is swallowed by impermanence and the following two verses should be added as an inscription: Make a start, leave behind (the wandering-on) firmly concentrate upon the Buddha's Teaching. As He, Leader like an elephant, did Nalagiri rout, so should you rout and defeat the hosts of Death. Whoever in this Dhamma-Vinaya will go his way ever vigilant and always striving hard, Can make an end of dukkha here and leave behind Samsara's wheel of birth and death. "Thus, at the instance of the bhikkhus, it was laid down by the Lord that the Wheel of Wandering-on (in birth and death) with five sections should be made in the gateways (of monasteries). "Now brahmans and householders would come and ask: 'Reverend Sir, what is this painting about?' "Bhikkhus would reply: 'We also do not know!' "Thereupon the Lord advised: 'A bhikkhu should be appointed (to receive) visitors in the gateway and to show them (the mural).' "Bhikkhus were appointed without due consideration (to be guest-receiver), foolish, erring, confused persons without merit. (At this, it was objected:) 'They themselves do not know, so how will they explain (the Wheel-picture) to visiting brahmans and householders?' "The Lord said: 'A competent bhikkhu should be appointed.'"6 |
BẢN DỊCH |
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Tŕnh bày: Minh Hạnh & Thiện PhápCập nhật ngày: 03-03-2006
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03-03-2006
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