Những giai đoạn tiến triển của Thiền Minh Sát
"A Journey Into Buddhism"Tác giả The Venrable Mahasi Sayadaw
Việt dịchPhạm Kim Khánh
---o0o---Phần ̀̀I
11. KNOWLEDG OF EQUANIMITY ABOUT FORMATIONS When this knowledge of re-observation is mature, there will arise knowledge perceiving evident bodily and mental processes in continuous succession quite naturally, as if borne onward of itself. This is called "knowledge of equanimity about formations." |
11. TUỆ XẢ HÀNH |
Now, in the act of noticing, effort is no longer required to keep formations before the mind or to understand them. After the completion of each single act of noticing, the object to be noticed will then appear of itself, and insight knowledge, too, will of itself notice and understand it. It is as if no further effort need be made by the meditator. Formerly, owing to seeing the dissolution of formations, there arose, in successive order, the aspect of fearfulness, the perception of misery, the aspect of disgust, the desire for deliverance, and dissatisfaction with the knowledge so far acquired. But now these mental states no longer arise even though, in the present state too, the breaking up of formations which are dissolving more rapidly is closely perceived. Even if a painful feeling arises in the body, no mental disturbance (grief) arises, and there is no lack of fortitude in bearing it. Generally, however, at this stage, pains will be entirely absent, that is, they do not arise at all. Even if the meditator thinks about something fearful or sad, no mental disturbance will arise, be it in the form of fear or of sorrow. This, firstly, is "the abandoning of fear" at the stage of "equanimity about formations." |
Trong công tŕnh ghi nhận hành giả không cần phải cố gắng nữa để niệm, hoặc để thấu hiểu các pháp hữu vi. Sau mỗi khi ghi nhận, đối tượng được ghi nhận sẽ tự nó tự nhiên phát hiện, và tuệ minh sát cũng vậy, sẽ tự nhiên ghi nhận và thông suốt đối tượng. H́nh như hành giả không cần cố gắng nữa. Trước kia, v́ hành giả trông thấy trạng thái hoại diệt của các pháp hữu vi nên tuần tự phát sanh sắc thái kinh sợ, tri giác nỗi thống khổ, t́nh trạng chán nản, ḷng mong muốn giải thoát và trạng thái không thỏa măn, với những tuệ đă thâu đạt. Nhưng giờ đây, các tâm trạng ấy không c̣n phát sanh đến hành giả nữa, mặc dầu đến giai đoạn nầy các pháp hữu vi tan vỡ và diệt vong càng nhanh chóng hơn và được hay biết càng tận tường hơn trước. Dầu có cảm giác đau nhức phát sanh trong thân, tâm hành giả không cảm nghe phiền toái và thiếu nghị lực để chịu đựng. Đến giai đoạn nầy thông thường hành giả không c̣n nghe đau nhức -- tức trạng thái đau nhức không c̣n phát sanh đến hành giả nữa. Dầu cho có nghĩ đến điều ǵ đáng kinh sợ hay buồn thảm, tâm vẫn thăn nhiên, không bị khuấy động v́ sợ hăi hay phiền muộn. Đầu tiên, đây là sự "ĺa bỏ kinh sợ" ở tầng "Xả Hành", hoàn toàn xả chấp, thản nhiên đối với các pháp hữu vi. |
At the earlier stage, on attaining knowledge of arising and passing away, great joy had arisen on account of the clarity of insight. But now this kind of joy does not arise, even though there is present the exceedingly peaceful and sublime clarity of mind belonging to "equanimity about formations." Though he actually sees desirable objects conducive to joy, or though he thinks about various enjoyable things, no strong feeling of joy will arise. This is "the abandoning of delight" at the stage of "equanimity about formations." |
Trước kia, khi đạt đến tầng Tuệ Sanh Diệt, hành giả cảm nghe rất thỏa thích v́ tuệ minh sát sáng tỏ rơ ràng. Nhưng giờ đây loại phỉ lạc ấy không c̣n phát sanh, dầu rằng hành giả đang ở trong trạng thái vô cùng an lạc và tâm sáng tỏ tuyệt vời, vốn là hai đặc tánh của Tuệ Xả Hành. Dầu hành giả thật sự thấy những đối tượng đáng được ưa thích khả dĩ dẫn đến phỉ lạc, và mặc dầu hành giả nghĩ đến nhiều điều thích thú khác nhau, nhưng vẫn không có cảm giác thỏa thích mạnh mẽ phát sanh. Đó là "ĺa bỏ thích thú" ở tầng Xả Hành. |
He cherishes no desire nor hate with regard to any object, desirable or undesirable, that comes into the range of his sense doors, but taking them as just the same in his act of noticing, he understands them (that is to say, it is a pure act of understanding). This is "equable vision" at the stage of "equanimity about formations." |
Hành giả không nuôi dưỡng ḷng ham muốn hay ghét bỏ đối với bất luận điều ǵ hay sự vật nào phát hiện ở lục căn ḿnh, dầu điều nầy đáng hay không đáng được ưa thích, mà xem tất cả đều giống nhau trong sự ghi nhận và thông hiểu nó (đây là sự hiểu biết thuần túy. Chỉ hiểu biết mà không có ư ưa thích hay ghét bỏ). Đây là "quan kiến b́nh thản" ở tầng "Xả Hành". |
Of these three qualities just mentioned, it is said in the Path of Purification: "Having discarded fear and delight, he is impartial and neutral towards all formations" (Visuddhimagga, xxi,62). |
Về ba đặc tánh vừa nêu trên, sách Thanh Tịnh Đạo (Vissudhi Magga) viết: |
If he resumes the practice of noticing with the thought: "Now I will do it vigorously again!" then, before long, the noticing will function efficiently as if borne onward of itself. From now onwards there is no need for the meditator to make further (deliberate) effort. Though he does not make a (deliberate) effort, his noticing will proceed in a continuous and steady flow for a long time; it will go on even for two or three hours without interruption. This is "the state of long-lasting (practice)" of equanimity about formations. Referring to this it is said in the Patisambhidamagga: " 'The wisdom lasting long' is the knowledge present in the mental states of equanimity about formations." The Great Commentary to the Path of Purification explains as follows: "This is said with reference to knowledge functioning in a continuous flow." |
Nếu hành giả trở lại thực hành pháp ghi nhận với ư nghĩ: |
Now when noticing functions spontaneously as if borne onward of itself, the mind, even if sent out towards a variety of objects, generally refuses to go; and even if it does go, it will not stay long but will soon return to the usual object to be noticed, and will resume continuous noticing. In this connection it was said: "He shrinks, recoils, and retreats; he does not go forth to it." |
Bây giờ, khi sự ghi nhận tự động tác hành như tự nhiên tự nó xúc tiến th́ cái tâm, dầu hành giả muốn gởi nó đến một số những đối tượng khác, thông thường vẫn từ chối không đi, hoặc nếu có đi vẫn không ở lại đó lâu mà sớm quay trở về đối tượng quen thuộc rồi sẽ tiếp tục ghi nhận liên tục. Trong ư nghĩa đó sách viết: |
12. INSIGHT LEADING TO EMERGENCE So, through knowledge of equanimity about formations, which is endowed with many virtues, blessings, and powers, he notices the formations as they occur. When this knowledge is mature, having become keen, strong, and lucid, on reaching its culmination point, it will understand any of the formations as being impermanent or painful or without self, just by seeing their dissolution. Now that act of noticing any one characteristic out of the three, which is still more lucid in its perfect understanding, manifests itself two or three times or more in rapid succession. This is called "insight leading to emergence."40 Thereupon, immediately after the last consciousness in the series of acts of noticing belonging to this insight leading to emergence, the meditator's consciousness leaps forth into Nibbana, which is the cessation of all formations, taking it as its object. Then there appears to him the stilling (subsidence) of all formations called cessation. |
12. TUỆ ĐƯA VƯỢT LÊN |
This mode of realization of Nibbana has been mentioned in many discourses of the Master, for example: "The vision of truth arose: whatsoever has the nature of arising is bound to cease." Herein the words "bound to cease" indicate the aspect of realizing the stilling and ceasing of all formations which have the nature of arising. Also in the Questions of King Milinda it is said: "His consciousness, while carrying on the practice of bringing to mind (i.e., noticing), passes beyond the continuous occurrence of phenomena and alights upon non-occurrence. One who, having practiced in the correct manner, has alighted upon non-occurrence, O king, is said to have realized Nibbana." |
Cách thức chứng ngộ Niết Bàn nầy đă được đề cập đến trong nhiều bài kinh của Đức Bổn Sư, thí dụ như: |
The meaning is this: the meditator who wishes to realize Nibbana should repeatedly bring to mind, through the practice of noticing, every bodily and mental process that appears at any of the six sense doors. When he brings them to mind thus, his consciousness engaged in noticing — here called "bringing to mind" — will, until adaptation knowledge is reached, fall at every moment upon the (conditioned) bodily and mental formations called here "continuous occurrence," because they go on occurring over and over again in an unbroken flow, like a river's current. But in the last phase, instead of falling upon that continuous occurrence, consciousness passes beyond it and alights upon "non-occurrence," which is the very opposite of the bodily and mental formations called here "occurrence." In other words, it arrives at non-occurrence, that is to say, it reaches, as if it "alights upon," cessation, which is the stilling of the formations (or conditioned phenomena). When the meditator, having already before practiced correctly and without deviation by way of the knowledge of arising and passing away and the other knowledges (or by way of the purification of conduct, of mind, of view, etc.), has in this manner arrived at non-occurrence (by the consciousness alighting upon it), he is said to have "realized Nibbana." He is called one who has made Nibbana a direct experience and has actually seen it. |
Đoạn nầy có ư nghĩa như sau: Vị hành giả muốn chứng ngộ Niết Bàn phải, xuyên qua công tŕnh ghi nhận, nằm ḷng tất cả mọi tiến tŕnh danh và sắc phát hiện ở bất cứ cửa nào của lục căn. Khi hành giả chăm chú nằm ḷng như vậy th́ cái tâm của ḿnh, vốn không ngừng gia công ghi nhận trong từng khoảnh khắc cho đến lúc thành đạt Tuệ Thuận Thứ, rơi vào tiến tŕnh biến đổi của danh và sắc mà ở đây gọi là "diễn biến liên tục", bởi v́ những biến đổi ấy liên tục xảy diễn, dài dài trong một luồng trôi chảy không gián đoạn như ḍng nước của một con sông. Nhưng đến giai đoạn cuối cùng, thay v́ rơi vào sự "liên tục diễn biến" ấy, tâm hành giả vượt lên khỏi nó và nhẹ nhàng hạ xuống, đáp vào trạng thái "không-diễn-biến" (đối nghịch với những tiến tŕnh biến đổi của danh và sắc mà ở đây gọi là "diễn biến"). Nói cách khác, tâm của hành giả đạt đến trạng thái "không-diễn-biến', có nghĩa là: cũng dường như nhẹ nhàng đáp xuống -- nó đạt đến sự chấm dứt, vốn là sự ngưng động của các pháp hữu vi. Khi vị hành giả, trước kia đă có thực hành chân chánh và không sai lạc tách rời đường lối, xuyên qua Tuệ Sanh Diệt và những tuệ khác (hoặc xuyên qua những giai đoạn Giới Tịnh, Tâm Tịnh, Kiến Tịnh v.v...) đạt đến trạng thái "không-diễn-biến" (do tâm ḿnh hạ xuống, đáp vào trạng thái ấy), vị ấy được xem là đă chứng ngộ "Niết Bàn", và được gọi là người trực tiếp chứng đắc và đă thật sự thấy Niết Bàn. |
13. KNOWLEDGE OF ADAPTATION Here the knowledge by way of noticing that occurs last in the series constituting insight leading to emergence, is called "knowledge of adaptation."41 This is the end of the purification by knowledge and vision of the course of practice. |
13. TUỆ THUẬN THỨ |
14. MATURITY KNOWLEDGE Immediately afterwards, a type of knowledge manifests itself that, as it were, falls for the first time into Nibbana, which is void of formations (conditioned phenomena) since it is the cessation of them. This knowledge is called "maturity knowledge."42 |
14. TUỆ CHUYỂN TÁNH |
VII. PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE AND VISION 15. PATH KNOWLEDGE It is followed immediately by knowledge that abides in that same Nibbana, which is void of formations since it is the cessation of them. This is called "path knowledge."43 It is also called "purification by knowledge and vision." |
VII. TRI KIẾN TỊNH |
16. FRUITION KNOWLEDGE That again is immediately followed by knowledge that belongs to the final stage and continues in the course of its predecessor. It abides in that same Nibbana, which is void of formations since it is the cessation of them. This is called "fruition knowledge." |
16. QUẢ TUỆ |
17. KNOWLEDGE OF REVIEWING The duration of that threefold knowledge of maturity, path, and fruition is, however, not long. It is very short, and lasts for just an instant, like the duration of a single thought of noticing. Subsequently there arises "knowledge of reviewing." Through that knowledge of reviewing the meditator discerns that the insight leading to emergence came along with the very rapid function of noticing, and that immediately after the last phase of noticing, the path consciousness entered into the cessation (of formations). This is "knowledge reviewing the path." |
17. TUỆ DUYỆT XÉT |
He also discerns that the consciousness abided in that same state of cessation during the intervening period between the path and reviewing. This is "knowledge reviewing fruition." He further discerns that the object just experienced is void of all formations. This is "knowledge reviewing Nibbana." |
Hành giả cũng phân biện rằng lúc bấy giờ tâm thức cũng ở chung, cùng một trạng thái chấm dứt, trong khoảng thời gian giữa Đạo Tuệ và Tuệ Duyệt Xét. Đây là "Tuệ Duyệt Xét Quả". |
In this connection it is said in the Path of Purification: " 'By that path, indeed, I have come'; thus he reviews the path. 'That blessing was obtained'; thus he reviews the fruition. 'That state has been penetrated as an object by me';44 thus he reviews the Deathless, Nibbana" (Visuddhimagga, xxii, 20). |
Về điểm nầy sách Thanh Tịnh Đạo ghi nhận: |
Some meditators, but not all, have "reviewing of defilements."45 After having reviewed in this way, the meditator still continues the practice of noticing bodily and mental processes as they become evident. But while he is thus engaged in noticing, the bodily and mental processes appear to him quite coarse, not subtle as before at the time of the knowledge of equanimity about formations. Why is this so? This is so because the knowledge present now has the nature of the knowledge of arising and passing away. For when the noble disciples (namely, stream-winners, etc.) resume the practice of insight (by noticing), the knowledge of arising and passing away usually arises at the beginning. This is the usual course of order in this respect. |
Có vài vị -- không phải tất cả -- có sự Duyệt Xét Ô Nhiễm. [45] |
However, when some meditators emerge from the attainment of path and fruition, great faith, happiness, rapture, and tranquillity, produced by virtue of the attainment, arise flooding the whole body. Owing to that, they are unable to carry out the practice of noticing anything apparent at that time. Even if they make double effort and attempt to proceed with the practice of insight, they fail to discern the phenomena clearly and separately, at the moment of their occurrence. They continue to experience only rapture, tranquillity, and happiness, which occur with great force. This state of mind, which is extraordinarily serene through the strong faith prevailing, lasts for one hour, two hours, or more, without break. Because of this, meditators feel as if they were in some such place as a wide open space suffused with radiance and most delightful. The rapture and happiness, of a serene character, that then arise are praised by meditators thus: "Surely, I have never before felt and experienced such happiness!" After two or three hours have passed, that faith, happiness, rapture, and tranquillity will fade. The meditators can once again proceed with noticing the bodily and mental processes as they occur, distinguishing them separately, and they will be able to discern them clearly. But at that time, too, first the knowledge of arising and passing away will appear. |
Có những vị hành giả, khi vừa xuất ra khỏi Đạo và Quả th́ bị niềm tin dơng mănh, hạnh phúc, phỉ lạc và an tĩnh -- phát sanh do sự chứng nghiệm Đạo Quả -- đượm nhuần và tràn ngập cùng khắp toàn thể châu thân. V́ lẽ ấy các Ngài không thể tiếp tục ghi nhận những ǵ phát hiện hiển nhiên vào lúc bấy giờ. Dầu có lập tâm quyết tinh tấn gắp đôi và cố gắng thực hành minh sát đi nữa, các Ngài vẫn không thể phân biện những hiện tượng một cách rành mạch và rơ ràng, vào lúc các hiện tượng ấy phát hiện. Các Ngài chỉ tiếp tục chứng nghiệm phỉ, an, lạc, mà lúc bấy giờ xảy diễn đến một cách mănh liệt. |
18. ATTAINMENT OF FRUIT̀ON While he is thus engaged in noticing, his insight knowledge will gradually grow, and soon will again reach the stage of equanimity about formations. If his power of concentration is still short of perfection, only the equanimity about formations will go on repeating itself. But if his concentration has reached perfection, then, in the case of one who does the insight practice of noticing with a view of attaining only to the first path and fruition, the fruition consciousness of the first path alone reaches cessation of formations by way of the attainment of fruition.46 This occurs in precisely the same way as the path and fruition consciousness that occurred earlier in the consciousness-sequence belonging to the initial attainment of the first path. The only difference here is the capacity of the fruition attainment to last long. |
18. CHỨNG QUẢ |
One should also set one's mind resolutely upon the further tasks: to be able to repeat the achievement of fruition attainment, to achieve it rapidly, and, at the time of achievement, to abide in it a long time, say for six, ten, fifteen or thirty minutes, or for an hour or more. In one who applies himself to achieving the attainment of fruition, knowledge of arising and passing away will arise at the beginning. Advancing from there in the due sequence, soon the knowledge of equanimity about formations is reached. But when skill in the practice has been acquired, the knowledge of equanimity about formations will arise quickly even after four or five acts of noticing. If the power of concentration has reached perfection, the fruition consciousness will repeatedly become absorbed in cessation by way of fruition attainment. The mind can thus reach absorption even while one is walking up and down, or while taking a meal, and the fruition attainment can remain for any length of time resolved upon. During the fruition attainment, the mind will abide only in the cessation of formations and will not be aware of anything else. |
Đến đây hành giả phải lập tâm nhất quyết gia công vững tiến thêm: có thể lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần sự chứng Quả, thành tựu nhanh chóng, và khi đă thành tựu, ẩn náu trong Quả vị ấy lâu dài, thí dụ 6, 10, 15, hoặc 30 phút, một giờ hoặc lâu hơn nữa. |
19. THE HIGHER PATHS AND FRUIT̀ONS When the meditator has thus become skilled in achieving the fruition attainment, he should resolutely set his mind upon the task of attaining to the higher paths and fruitions. What should now be done by one who has set himself that task? Just as before, he should carry out the practice of noticing (anything occurring) at the six sense doors. |
19. ĐẠO VÀ QUẢ CAO THƯỢNG |
Hence, the meditator should notice any bodily and mental process that becomes evident to him at the six sense doors. While he is thus engaged, he will see, at the stage of knowledge of arising and passing away, that the first objects consisting of formations appear to him rather coarse, and that his mind is not well concentrated. The development of insight belonging to the higher paths is, in fact, not as easy as that of insight belonging to the fruition attainment already achieved by the meditator. It is in fact somewhat difficult, due to the fact that insight has to be developed anew. It is, however, not so very difficult as it was at the first time when beginning the practice. In a single day, or even in a single hour, he can gain the knowledge of equanimity about formations. This statement is made here, basing it on the experience usually gained by persons of the present day who had to be given guidance from the start and who did not possess particularly strong intelligence. Here it is applied, by inference, to similar types of persons in general. |
Kể từ đây hành giả phải ghi nhận bất luận tiến tŕnh danh và sắc nào phát hiện hiển nhiên ở lục căn. Khi gia công thực hành như vậy, đến giai đoạn Tuệ Sanh Diệt, hành giả sẽ nhận thấy rằng những đối tượng đầu tiên bao gồm các pháp hữu vi, hiển hiện đến ḿnh một cách thô kịch và tâm định của ḿnh không an trụ đúng mức. Trong thực tế, công tŕnh khai triển tuệ minh sát thuộc các Đạo cao thượng không dễ dàng như tuệ minh sát thuộc Thánh Quả mà ḿnh đă thành tựu trước đây. Trong thực tế th́ quả thật là khó, v́ phải bắt đầu trở lại như mới. Dầu sao cũng không đến đỗi khó như lúc mới khởi sự lần đầu tiên. Trong một ngày, hay chỉ trong một giờ, hành giả có thể đạt đến Tuệ Xả Hành. Nói như vậy là căn cứ trên kinh nghiệm thông thường của các hành giả ngày nay. |
But although equanimity about formations has been attained, if the spiritual faculties47 have not yet reached full maturity, it just goes on repeating itself. Though he who has won (one of the lower) fruitions may be able to enter into it several times within one hour, yet if his spiritual faculties are immature, he cannot attain the next higher path within as much as one day, two, three, or more days. He abides merely in equanimity about formations. If, however, he then directs his mind to reach the fruition already attained, he will reach it perhaps in two or three minutes. When, however, the spiritual faculties are mature, one who carries out the practice of insight for attaining to a higher path will find that immediately after equanimity about formations has reached its culmination, the higher path and fruition arise in the same way as before (i.e., as at the time of the first path and fruition), that is to say, it is preceded by the stages of adaptation and maturity. After the fruition, the stages of reviewing, etc., that follow are also the same as before. Anything else concerning the method of practice for insight and the progress of knowledge right up to arahantship can be understood in precisely the same way as described. Hence there is no need to elaborate it any further. |
Những vị nầy cần phải được hướng dẫn từ lúc ban sơ, và họ không đặc biệt sáng suốt. Nơi đây chỉ đề cập đến hạng người thông thường. Tuy nhiên, dầu đă đạt đến Tuệ Xả Hành, nếu Ngũ Căn [47] của hành giả chưa được trau giồi đầy đủ, tuệ nầy chỉ liên tiếp lặp đi lặp lại. Dầu vị hành giả đă chứng Quả (thấp hơn) có thể nhập vào Tuệ Xả Hành nhiều lần trong một giờ, nhưng nếu Ngũ Căn của Ngài chưa đủ thuần thục th́ cũng không thể tiến đến tầng Đạo cao thượng hơn kế đó trong thời gian một ngày, hai ngày, hoặc hơn nữa. Vị ấy chỉ ở trong Tuệ Xả Hành. Nhưng nếu vào lúc bấy giờ Ngài hướng tâm nhằm đạt đến Quả mà ḿnh đă chứng đắc trước kia th́ sẽ thành công dễ dàng, không chừng trong hai, hay ba phút. |
CONCLUSION Now, the present treatise on the "Progress of Insight through the Stages of Purification" has been written in a concise form, so that meditators can easily comprehend it. Hence complete details have not been given here. And since it was written with a view to making it easily intelligible, in many passages of this treatise relevant canonical references have not been quoted, and there are repetitions and other faults of literary composition. But these shortcomings of presentation and the incompleteness of canonical references may here be overlooked by the reader. Only the meaning and purpose should be heeded well by the wise. It is to this that I would invite the reader's attention. |
Giờ đây, bản khái luận về "Lịch Tŕnh Tiến Triển Của Tuệ Minh Sát Qua Những Giai Đoạn Thanh Tịnh" nầy đă được soạn thảo một cách giản lược và rơ ràng để cho người hành thiền có thể thấu hiểu dễ dàng. Do đó, ở đây không tŕnh bày đầy đủ chi tiết. Và bởi v́ bài nầy được viết ra nhằm giúp người đọc lănh hội dễ dàng nên có nhiều đoạn trong Tam Tạng kinh điển liên quan đến vấn đề không được viện dẫn, nhiều sự lặp đi lặp lại và nhiều lỗi văn chương trong phương cách tŕnh bày. Tuy nhiên, người đọc có thể bỏ qua những thiếu sót trong lối tŕnh bày và những phần kém đầy đủ trong sự trích dẫn kinh điển. Người khôn ngoan sáng suốt chỉ quan tâm đến ư nghĩa và mục tiêu của bài viết. Kính mời quư đọc giả chú tâm vào điểm nầy. |
Though in the beginning it was mentioned that this treatise has been written for those who have already obtained distinctive results in their practice, others may perhaps read it with advantage, too. Now these are my concluding good wishes for the latter type of readers: Just as a very delicious, appetizing, tasty and nutritious meal can be appreciated fully only by one who has himself eaten it, and not without partaking of it, in the same way, the whole series of knowledges described here can be understood fully only by one who has himself seen it by direct experience, and not otherwise. So may all good people reach the stage of indubitable understanding of this whole series of knowledges! May they also strive to attain it! This treatise on the purities and insights, For meditators who have seen things clear, Although their store of learning may be small — The Elder, Mahasi by name, in insight's method skillful, Has written it in Burmese tongue and into Pali rendered it. The Treatise on the Purities and Insights composed on 22.5.1950 is here concluded. |
Mặc dầu trong Lời Tựa có viết rằng bản khái luận nầy được viết ra cho những vị hành giả đă thâu đạt một vài thành quả rơ rệt trong pháp hành, những vị khác cũng có thể đọc và thâu hoạch lợi ích. |
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Ghi chú:
(1) Here, and in the title of this treatise, the Pali term ñana has been rendered by "insight," as at the outset the word "knowledge," the normal rendering of ñana, might not be taken by the reader with the full weight and significance which it will receive in the context of the present treatise. In all the following occurrences, however, this Pali term has been translated by "knowledge," while the word "insight" has been reserved for the Pali term vipassana. When referring to the several types and stages of knowledge, the plural "knowledges" has been used, in conformity with the Pali ñanani. (2) In the canonical Buddhist scriptures, the seven stages of purification (visuddhi) are mentioned in the Discourse on the Stage Coaches (Majjhima Nikaya No. 24). They are also the framework of the Venerable Buddhaghosa's Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), where they are explained in full. (Translation by Ñanamoli Thera, publ. by BPS.) (3) "Motion" (vayo, lit. wind, air) refers to the last of the four material elements (dhatu), or primary qualities of matter. The other three are: earth (solidity, hardness), water (adhesion), and fire (caloricity). These four elements, in varying proportional strength, are present in all forms of matter. The so-called "inner wind element" which applies in this context is active in the body as motion, vibration, and pressure manifesting itself in the passage of air through the body (e.g., in breathing), in the movement and pressure of limbs and organs, and so on. It becomes perceptible as a tactile process, or object of touch (photthabbarammana), through the pressure caused by it. (4) The attention directed to the movement of the abdomen was introduced into the methodical practice of insight-meditation by the author of this treatise, the Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, and forms here the basic object of meditative practice. For details see The Heart of Buddhist Meditation by Nyanaponika Thera (London: Rider & Co., 1962; BPS, 1992), pp. 94f., 106. If preferred, the breath itself may instead be taken as the basic object of meditative attention, according to the traditional method of "mindfulness of breathing" (anapanasati); see Heart of Buddhist Meditation, pp.108ff. Mindfulness of Breathing by Ñanamoli Thera (BPS, 1982). (5) According to the Buddhist Abhidhamma teachings, only the three elements of earth, fire, and wind constitute the tactile substance in matter. The element of water is not held to be an object of touch even in cases where it predominates, as in liquids. What is tactile in any given liquid is the contribution of the other three elements to its composite nature. (6) "Door" is a figurative expression for the sense organs (which, including the mind, are sixfold), because they provide, as it were, the access to the world of objects. (7) The preceding sequence of terms is frequently used in the Discourses (Suttas) of the Buddha to refer to those individuals who have attained to the first supramundane stage on the road to arahantship, i.e., stream-entry (sotapatti), or the following ones. See Note 33. The term Dhamma refers here to Nibbana. (8) I. The Five Precepts binding on all Buddhist laymen, are: abstention from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) unlawful sexual intercourse, (4) lying, (5) intoxicants.--- o0o ---
Tŕnh bày: Minh Hạnh & Thiện PhápCập nhật ngày: 03-07-2006
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y' kiến đóng
góp xin gửi đến TT Giác Đẳng qua địa chỉ: Cập nhật ngày:
03-07-2006
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